Leonardo to the Internet Technology and Culture from the Renaissance Essay

Essays on Leonardo to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present Essay The paper "Leonardo to the Internet: Technology and Culture from the Renaissance to the Present" is an outstanding example of an essay on history. In Misa’s Chapter, Long discusses how Leonardo Da Vinci struggled with his career to initiate long-term developments that the later centuries witnessed in the arts and architecture (Misa 1). The author highlights that the vision that the modern-day innovators embody has been inherent through human civilizations. Although Leonardo began his career as an architect and a military engineer, he was similarly successful in scientific invention and painting. The text analyzes Leonardo’s technological career within the context of a complimenting culture and politics. The author argues that Leonardo’s innovations were a reaction to the given problems that his community was facing. This explains why most thinkers and artists such as Leonardo were close to the then governments. The governments who were participating in expanding and maintaining their gained territories required inventors to design tools for winning wars. In this sense, the thinkers were at the mercy of the political decisions made by their leaders. The arts and scientific innovation were essential in cementing the legacy of reigns. Although the scientists were doing the principal activities, they lacked the political immensity that the ruling classes enjoyed (Findon and Groves 102). Political privileges could only be conferred by the innovators and thinkers that the given administrations favored. The designs of courts and cities formed the basis upon which modern architecture developed. Although the political class used the innovators, the thinkers developed innovations that traversed generations. In addition, in spite of the common perception of technology as cumulative, several technologies th at individuals use today possess traces in the medieval ages. This is demonstrable at Leonardo’s attempt at making an airplane out of a bat’s design (Moon 41).

Individual vs society free essay sample

A society is made up of many different individuals who will stand by their own beliefs. An individual is a single human being that is distant from a group or class. Individuals are usually narrow minded, only believing in what they think is right. Many times; however, society overpowers an individuals thoughts just because there are more people in a society. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, society vs. the individual plays a major role during the Salem witch trials. When the antagonist, Abigail Williams starts a dilemma in the community and ultimately ruins peoples lives, and futures, many of the characters have to decide which side they should be on, even it means that theyre going against their Puritan religion. John Proctor is set on revealing Abigails real reason of creating these trials, even if his reputation is at stake. Even though the individual and society tug at each other throughout this play, society prevails over the individual in the end because the beliefs of the individuals cannot over-power the stronger voices of the public. A society consists of many people with many ideas, while an individual is only a single person. This makes it easy for Abigail Williams to pursue her accusations of witch craft with the other girls, Tituba, Mary, Ruth, and Betty, along side. As Abigail is accused of drinking a charm to kill Goody Proctor, she begins to blame it on Tituba for forcing her do it every night. In the beginning of the book, no one wants to believe in the devil because of their Puritan religion, until Harris comes into town and declares the truth about witch craft. The lies from Abigail, Ruth, Mary, Betty and Tituba begin to grow bigger, and bigger. I danced for the Devil; I saw him; I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil†¦ (48), says Abigail as Tituba reveals that the Devil has come upon her as well. Society now believes in witch craft because of vengeful teenage girls, who are accusing people in the community for their own arrogant reasons. In the beginning of the book, the individuals who dont believe in witchcraft stay quiet and keep their thoughts to themselves because they dont want to be blamed. Society dominates majorly in the beginning scene, but as you get through the book, individuals start to stand up, creating a greater number of problems. As the Proctors find out about their servant, who is now along side Abigail, they start to think about declaring to the court that the girls are faking it. Mary Warren, Abigails side kick is one of the officials of the court (52), meaning she tells the court who is under the power of the Devil or not. Elizabeth and John dont believe in anything that is going on; however, they try to talk to Mary Warren, but she doesnt want to hear their advice about departing from the court. I must go to Salem, Goody Proctor! (52), Mary says in a harsh tone. Elizabeth couldnt stop her (52). This scene shows that society is taking over and becoming more powerful. The society in Salem is taking away people and making them strongly believe in this witch craft. Individuals like John and Elizabeth get more furious as the book continues because their own servant is not listening to them anymore. Tensions are beginning to grow and outbursts are ready to be made by certain people. John Proctor, the main individualist finally confronts Mary, yelling at her to stop doing what she is doing. John starts by saying, You will not go to court again, Mary Warren (58), but Mary tells him otherwise. Things start getting heated when he says, Ill whip the Devil out of you! (59). Nothing will stop Mary Warren from going back to court because society has taken over the individual. There is too much evidence now to deny it, (64), says Hale. People are now falsely accusing other people of dancing with the Devil for reasons relating to themselves and the relationships with the people they are accusing. The town is getting chaotic, and the individuals are running out of time to control it. The final stages of society taking over completely begins with Abigail accusing Elizabeth Proctor of dancing with the Devil. At dinner Abigail falls to the floor†¦ and screamed a scream that a bull would weep to hear†¦ stuck two inches in the flesh of her belly, he draw a needle out†¦she testify it were your wifes familiar spirit pushed it in (74), says Cheever to Proctor about Elizabeth. The most individualistic people in the community are getting accused because of Abigail wanting revenge on the wife of a man she loves. As they pull a needle out of the stomach of a puppet that was  found in the Proctors house, Mary Warren is forced to tell the truth by Proctor and say it was hers. Mary is forced to turn to the individual side with John and Elizabeth; however, she is not only outnumbered , but terrorized by Abigail, the rest of the girls, and the thoughts of society when Abigail accuses her of being a witch. Even Danforth obeys Abigail when she threatens him for doubting her because he needs to stay apart of the society to keep his reputation high. Every individualist in this book dies or is put in jail by the end because they do not believe in witch craft and deny to society and themselves of being witches. Giles is dead (135). Giles died because he rose against witch craft and didnt want society to take advantage of him and his faith to the Puritan religion. Rebecca†¦is one foot in heaven now (134). Rebecca is hanged because she tried to overpower society as well. Proctor was the last to persuade society to go against the girls who started the witch craft hysteria, but eventually the drumroll strikes the air (145), and he is hanged as well. Although people in Salem died with dignity, they still died and were not around to see any changes made. The teenage girls took over society and consumed the entire village of lies made up when they were bored one day. They were the voices of the community, and nothing was going to get in their way. Even though the individuals tried to prevail and get people on their side with their strong opinions, nothing could turn around the idea of witchcraft. Society over all is stronger because one individual cannot overpower a community, it takes many people to do the job, and thats exactly what happened in The Crucible; society prevailed.

Wilt Chamberlain Essay Example For Students

Wilt Chamberlain Essay There have been many greats to play the game basketball, but we have never, and maybe never again, see the likes of Wilt Chamberlain. His entire life Wilt Chamberlain made the improbable look routine. No professional athlete in any team sport combined the size, strength, and fluidity of movement that Wilt Chamberlain brought into the sleepy, dimly lit NBA arenas of 1959. I?ll go one step further: No one who has played pro team sports has ever dominated every minute of every game in the early ?60s. His size and strength were sources of wonder not only to paying spectators, but also to his fellow players. We will write a custom essay on Wilt Chamberlain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Wilt played in the NBA for 14 seasons, from ?59-60 through ?72-73, and he helped the NBA from league of moderate local interest to a major TV attraction. Unfortunately, especially for younger fans, most of the TV tributes following his death showed the Wilt of the early ?70s. Sure, his Lakers teams were great-the ?71-72 team won pro sports record 33 games in a row. But Wilt by then was a much different player than he had been in his younger days. I myself have not seen the real Chamberlain play a number of times, but when I did, it was amazing. Through most of the ?60s, Chamberlain played with strength, speed, and dexterity. His footwork was quick enough to fake out defenders, and he had enough touch to make his finger rolls and fadeaways virtually unstoppable. Of course, no one could repel his moves to the hoop, and even when he was technically boxed out under the boards, he would get his share of reach-in rebounds over the heads of shorter opponents. But in November 1969, he had surgery after tearing a knee ligament. Through diligent rehabilitation, he was able to return to the Lakers at the end of the regular season, and play a full playoff schedule. But Wilt?s style was different after the injury: more mechanical, flat-footed, clearly not as fluid, less certain of his ball-handling skills (Sports Illustrated). It is this Chamberlain whom we see on most of surviving film or videotape. A great player, still, but a much different one-certainly less dominating than the man who terrorized the league in the ?60s. Michael Jordan scored 50 or more points in 30 regular-season games in his career. Wilt Chamberlain scored 50 or more points in 45 games during the ?61-62 season. Twenty-six years after he played his last NBA game, Wilt still holds the league?s all-time single-season records for average points, rebounds, and field goal percentage. Wilt?s second-best season in each of those categories is better than any other player?s best through all of NBA history. Some day, perhaps, everyone will be talking about a player who is the Next Jordan, or the Next Magic, and maybe even the Next Russell. But I do not expect we will ever see anyone that we will call the Next Wilt.

Bacteriophage and depolymerase The WritePass Journal

Bacteriophage and depolymerase Introduction Bacteriophage and depolymerase IntroductionREFERENCESRelated Introduction Bacteriophage which is also known as bacteria eater refers to viruses that infect bacteria.Bacteriophages are known to only replicate within host cells and must attach to a specific receptor on the surface of a bacteria cell to initiate infection. The contact between the phage and the receptor is very definite which means that a phage type will only bind to a particular receptor molecule thus all bacteriophage are not alike. Depolymerase refers to an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of macromolecules to simpler molecules. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly described as an opportunistic pathogen that causes morbidity and mortality in humans, animals and plants. Due to its exceptionally high metabolic versatility in utilizing numerous organic compounds and its adaptability to various conditions, it can be commonly found in terrestrial soil, fresh water environments and can grow in a variety of low-nutrient conditions. Bacteria and depolymerase are linked together due to the fact that the depolymerase helps the bacteria by breaking down large molecules and making it easier for the bacteria to attach to the host. Figure 1-Diagram of a bacteriophage Background information-basic information on Bacteriophages Bacteriophage are host specific viruses that targets only certain types of bacteria. They are made up of outer protein caspid enclosing a genetic material which could be SSRNA,dsRNA,ssDNA or dsNA.Bacteriophages are very common in places like soil, sewage or reservoirs infected by bacteria hosts. It’s been suggested that bacteriophage might be an effective way to treat bacterial infections but studies showed that they are quickly removed from the body and hence show little clinical value therefore mostly used in the laboratory. Biofilms are made up of bacteria and other microbial cells attached directly to a solid phosphate or indirectly through associated expolysaccharides and other polymetric material. The nature of a biofilm depends on the nature of the attached microorganisms and of polymers which they secrete. The physiological conditions also greatly affect biofilm thickness and physical properties. Large numbers of phages are found in many environments as biofilms. The evidence of the ability of bacteriophage –borne polysaccharide depolymerase enzymes to degrade bacterial polysaccharides have been proved (Adams Park 1956),Phage polysaccharide depolymerase are commonly seen in electron micrographs as spikes attached to the phage baseplate.In a liquid culture,degredation of bacterial capsular material by phage-borne polysaccharide depolymerise occurs in a defined sequence. The phage depolymerise binds to the capsular material which is the secondary receptor   and degrades the polymer until it reaches the cell surface where it binds to an outer membrane receptor which is the primary receptor and infects the bacterium.Therefore,bacterial lysis will occur.This however results to a clear area in the lawn of growing cells host cells. The clearing that occurs is called a plaque and each plaque is believed to have originated from the replication events that began with one bacteriophage (virion).When the number of plaque forming units is counted , the number of virus infectious units present in the original sample can be calculated. This procedure also permits the isolation of pure virus stains. If a plaque originated from a single virion, then all the virons in that plaque should be genetically identical. Some of the virus from the plaque can be picked and inoculated into a fresh bacterial culture inorder to establish a pure virus line (Madigan et al 2007) The purpose of this review is to isolate a bacteriophage capable of infecting a specific host bacterium. The improvement of an environmental sample ie water, for the presence of bacteriophages infecting a particular host can be carried out by inoculating water sample with the host organism and waiting for lysis to occur.Isolating of bacteriophage allows the determination of bacteriophage particles which are capable of initiating productive infections of their host bacterium in the original sample. The use of the selective enrichment in this review is to increase the probability that colonies of the desired organism would be formed. Any type of bacteria strain can be infected by bacteriophage like ecoli, pseudomonas, and salmonella. This study is based on the isolation of a bacteria strain of pseudomonas aeruginosa, not all pseudomonas strains are similar but Variability exists in the growth, curves and antibiotic resistance of different pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Different hypothesis have shown that isolates of p.aeruginosa could also possess some differences in their surface molecules and as a result differences in the phage receptors present on their surfaces. Mechanisms by which bacteria Infects host cells are:Adsorption,Sheath Contraction and Nucleic Acid Injection. Different methods are used for the isolation of bacteriophage from water according to different articles. Khan, N. H., Shii, Y., Kimata-Kino, N., Esaki, H., Nishino, T., Nishimura, M., Kogure, K. (2007). stated that bacteria can be isolated by different ways which include: Water sampling- In this process, selective and non selective agar culture were used for to isolate and identify P.aerruginosa and appropriate volumes of water samples are filtered using sterilized plates and Nutrient Broth agar. Identification by BD phoenix system-The phoenix system uses one identification (ID) and AST (antimicrobial susceptibility) combination panel with the ID substrates on one side and the microbial drugs on the other. Serotyping- Sereotyping for O-group specific abntigen was carried out by using P.aeruginosa kit and all isolates were tested for O-goup specific antigens. Purified Gel Electrophoresis-This was used to clarify genetic relatedness among the strains. Wuthiekanun V,Dance DAB,Wattanagon Y,SupputtamonGKOL Y,Chaowagul W and White N.J(1990) isolated pseudomonas using   Ashdown’s medium.The use of this KEY WORDS: Bacteriophage, Depolymerase, Biofilm, Pseudomonas, REFERENCES De Groat, A (1927) The bacteriophage: method of isolation: journal of immunology.14:175-179. Khan, N. H., Shii, Y., Kimata-Kino, N., Esaki, H., Nishino, T., Nishimura, M., Kogure, K. (2007). Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from open ocean and comparison with freshwater, clinical, and animal isolates. Microbial Ecology, 53(2), 173-186. doi: 10.1007/s00248-006-9059-3 Kenezevic P, Kostanjsek, R, Obrenht D,and petrovic, O (2009) Isolation of pseudomonas aeruginosa specific phage with broad activity spectra : curr Microbiol :59:173-180 Wuthiekanun V,Dance DAB,Wattanagon Y,SupputtamonGKOL Y,Chaowagul W and White N.J(1990) The use of selective media for the isolation of pseudomonas pseudomallei in clinical practice:journal of medical microbiology Vol 33.121-126 Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2000, p. 1416-1422, Vol. 66, No. 4 0099-2240/00/$ Microbiology and immunology online.http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/mayer/phage.htm http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/135/10/2569?view=longpmid=2632664 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.853541.x/pdf ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750288?log$=activity http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/144/11/3039.pdf

Caroll is a subsidiary

Caroll is a subsidiary Introduction Caroll is a subsidiary of the Vivarte group since 1988. This brand is one of the ready-to-wear sector’s successes, which has been known and appreciated by many women for over 40 years. Caroll is particularly renowned for the quality of its products. With over 350 stores, about 100 of which are abroad Caroll is a brand that is ever growing both in France and internationally. Caroll’s culture is based on a shared brand vision:  § Strong product identity,  § A high degree of adaptability,  § An innovative brand/distributor concept. The company’s niche was knitwear only. The 1970s were boom years! In the 1980s, Caroll began to evolve†¦In 1980, it added a ready-to-wear collection and its first franchise shops in France. In 1984, Caroll opened its first branch shops. Four years later, Caroll International was listed on the stock exchange and the Andrà © group, which was to become Vivarte in 2001, purchased a large share in the company. The 199 0s were revolutionary! In 1994, Caroll International defined a new positioning for itself, creating the â€Å"Caroll Paris† brand and introducing new strategies with a view to becoming a key player in the world of fashion, for a targeted yet sizeable female clientele, well informed and with high standards. In just a few years, Caroll International succeeded in completely changing its image and significantly increased its market share. After having transformed its network in France, Caroll International began to expand in other countries in 1997. Since 2000, Caroll has strengthened its image by taking on a huge challenge: the application of luxury codes to distribution. With a wealth of experience in its sector, the Brand is now particularly appreciated for the quality of its products, its expertise and its style. Part One: Marketing Audit A. Corporate Level 1. The company mission Caroll has its styling bureau in Paris. This bureau detects trends and creates collections it abl e to react quickly and design new products. Caroll missions are to design fashion clothes women, staying at the top of the fashion each seasons. The second mission is to sell this clothes and accessories by franchising new shops all around the world. 2. Company objectives & goals In order to faced with constantly evolving fashion, Caroll has chosen to continuously renew itself and launch new models, new colours throughout the season. The goal is to keep up with the latest looks. Caroll has to answer to the women wants. So, clothes are perfectly cut, the choice materials are an important part of its renewed. Caroll doesn’t offers only clothes fashion, it also sells accessories: scarves, jewellery, belts, bags, shoes, etc. B. Marketing Mix: 4 P’s  § Product: Caroll has a large range of products. All the products are based on three same styles that are based on the â€Å"details finishing† and the â€Å"high quality material† used. The silhouettes are real ly important: o 3 trends o 3 styles o 3 lines All the product’s shapes are well defined and cut in chosen materials, which offers a very elegant to order outfits. Caroll collection:  § Blouses  § Coats  § Dresses  § Jackets  § Pants  § Skirts  § Sweaters

Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk Assessment - Essay Example Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Body Table 1.0 III. Conclusion IV. References Introduction: It is without question that the risks facing children on the World Wide Web are expansive. The risks associated with chat rooms and strangers on the internet have been the cause for many law enforcement investigations and new protocols and restrictions towards what minors can and cannot do on the internet. Likewise, even secondary schools have been instituting policies which ban educators from â€Å"friending† their own students on social networking sites due to the perceived risk and liability that this entails. However, although the risks to children online and more specifically in social networking are vast, growing, and varied, few studies have attempted to present what risks are the most prescient and to what extent. This type of analysis is beneficial in determining proper policies and procedures in order to mitigate these risks. As such, this brief analysis will make a curs ory review of the risks associated with social networking as it applies to children and then construct a risk assessment of these threats in order to more succinctly describe the threats that children face in the social networking sphere. ... Accordingly, the levels of restrictions that users can chose to set regarding what information is shared/distributed with others is at the prerogative of the user. However, children are unlikely to entertain the full scope of how privacy can affect their lives. Additionally, the decision of what to share, what not to share, to what extent to share, and who to share it with is also likely not a cognitive ability that children will fully grasp the significance of (White, 2012). Without question, privacy is an issue that affects all users; however, with respect to children, the danger is specifically high. For purposes of this analysis, privacy concerns (as they relate to children on social networking) have been labeled a high overall risk. This is due to the fact that privacy violation and over sharing are so expansive as well as the fact the severity associated with that risk exceeds the category of privacy itself. With respect to privacy, the threat to children online can begin and e nd with this category. If it is taken seriously, the succeeding categories are redundant; however, if not heeded at all, this privacy category is a gateway to each of the others. Regardless of the particular privacy mechanism in question, the increasing rate of identity theft, issues relating to what to share and how to share it, and the fact that privacy encompasses all of the dangers that are extant to children online makes it the most prescient issue associated with the problem. When one stops to think about it, the proper amount of online privacy will stop sexual predators from finding their victims, will hamper cyber bullying, and will serve to protect the child in most other situations. As such, privacy is the paramount concern with relation to social networking. Likewise, a

Management and the Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Management and the Organization - Essay Example This paper also involves the discussion about the advantages that vertical integration brings for the business.In order to understand the concept of vertical integration, let us first examine the contrary concept of horizontal integration. The term horizontal integration implies an organization which is consolidated or merged with another (or other) businesses with similar activities and operations. An example of horizontal integration is the merger of two small schools. Both the organization has almost similar operations, aims, and methods. The merger of such organizations may bring economies of scale, reduced overhead expenses and so on. On the other hand, vertical integration is the concept which describes â€Å"the coordination or linkage of different units or stages of the production process† (Heshmat 2001, p.101). An example of such integration may be the consolidation or coordination of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors in order to avoid the time overlap. This kind of coordination helps in maintaining the overall lifecycle and production process of a product. It helps in identifying the true worth, life, and cost of a product. Such coordination skillfully manages the production process without any delays in getting raw material from the supplier, unnecessary delays in production or unavailability of the product when the distributor or seller needs it. Hence, companies integrate vertically in order to make their business more accurate in terms of availability, quality, and costs. Vertically integrated organizations are more reliable in terms of quality as, for instance in production businesses, the integration of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors help in maintaining the quality standards using the same quality of material every time in the production process.In conclusion, we can say that the organization may choose between the structures of the organization depending on a number of factors. These factors include but are not limit ed to the size, resources, and nature of the business. Some businesses adopt vertical integration approach owing to the benefits this approach may bring. However, the decision of opting for vertical, horizontal or some other approach depends on the advantages it brings and the ability to stand the disadvantages associated with it. Managers must think critically and weigh between the positive and negative outcomes of choosing any approach before applying it practically. The short term and long term benefits and loses must be accounted for before adopting any approach. A vertical integration approach is helpful in reducing costs but is difficult to manage. Hence, there is a need to carefully consider each aspect of business’s operations which are affected by vertical integration approach before adopting it.